↑ Lowitz, T. (1796) "Anzeige eines, zur volkommen Entwasserung des Weingeistes nothwendig zu beobachtenden, Handgriffs" (Report of a task that must be done for the complete dehydration of wine spirits [i.e., alcohol-water azeotrope]), (Crell's) Chemische Annalen …, vol. 1, pp. 195–204. See pp. 197–198: Lowitz dehydrated the azeotrope by mixing it with a 2:1 excess of anhydrous alkali and then distilling the mixture over low heat.
↑ Couper AS (1858). “On a new chemical theory” (online reprint). Philosophical magazine 16 (104–16). Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2007.
↑ Faraday, M. (1825) "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 115: 440–466. In a footnote on page 448, Faraday notes the action of sulfuric acid on coal gas and coal-gas distillate; specifically, "The [sulfuric] acid combines directly with carbon and hydrogen; and I find when [the resulting compound is] united with bases [it] forms a peculiar class of salts, somewhat resembling the sulphovinates [i.e., ethyl sulfates], but still different from them."
↑ Sérullas, Georges-Simon (1828) "De l'action de l'acide sulfurique sur l'alcool, et des produits qui en résultent" (On the action of sulfuric acid on alcohol, and products that result from it), Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vol 39, pages 152–186. On page 158, Sérullas mentions the production of alcohol from "sulfate acid d'hydrogène carboné" (hydrocarbon acid sulfate).
↑ In 1855, the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot confirmed Faraday's discovery by preparing ethanol from pure ethylene. Marcellin Berthelot (1855) "Sur la formation de l'alcool au moyen du bicarbure d'hydrogène" (On the formation of alcohol by means of ethylene), Annales de chimie et de physique, series 3, vol. 43, pp. 385–405. (Note: The chemical formulas in Berthelot's paper are wrong because chemists at that time used the wrong atomic masses for the elements; e.g., carbon (6 instead of 12), oxygen (8 instead of 16), etc.)
1 2 3 4 Windholz, Martha (1976). The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals and drugs (ấn bản 9). Rahway, N.J., U.S.A: Merck. ISBN0-911910-26-3.
↑ Morrison, Robert Thornton; Boyd, Robert Neilson (1972). Organic Chemistry (ấn bản 2). Allyn and Bacon, inc. ISBN0-205-08452-4.
↑ Dahlmann U, Schneider GM (1989). “(Liquid + liquid) phase equilibria and critical curves of (ethanol + dodecane or tetradecane or hexadecane or 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane) from 0.1 MPa to 120.0 MPa”. J Chem Thermodyn. 21 (9): 997. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(89)90160-2.
↑ Costigan MJ, Hodges LJ, Marsh KN, Stokes RH, Tuxford CW (1980). “The Isothermal Displacement Calorimeter: Design Modifications for Measuring Exothermic Enthalpies of Mixing”. Aust. J. Chem. 33 (10): 2103. doi:10.1071/CH9802103.
↑ Lei Z, Wang H, Zhou R, Duan Z (2002). “Influence of salt added to solvent on extractive distillation”. Chem Eng J. 87 (2): 149. doi:10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00211-X.
↑ Pemberton RC, Mash CJ (1978). “Thermodynamic properties of aqueous non-electrolyte mixtures II. Vapour pressures and excess Gibbs energies for water + ethanol at 303.15 to 363.15 K determined by an accurate static method”. J Chem Thermodyn. 10 (9): 867. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(78)90160-X.
↑ Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed.; monographs 6575 through 6669
